# Glossary

Term:
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd Edition, 2002 Revision


Definition:
A revision of AACR2 that incorporates rewritten chapters for the description of cartographic materials, electronic resources, and continuing resources.


Definition:
A statement summarizing the important points of a text.


Definition:
Any term or portion in a record that may be used to locate that record


Definition:
Any word or phrase used to obtain information from a retrieval tool or other organized system; in cataloging and indexing, “access points” are specific names, titles, and subjects chosen by the cataloger or indexer.


Definition:
An entry additional to the main entry by which an item is represented in an index


Definition:
Any access point in the metadata other then the primary access point


Definition:
A body that takes responsibility for estqablishing voluntary industry standards; works closely with NISO


Definition:
The consistent use and maintenance of established forms for headings, names, subjects, etc.


Definition:
The results of the process of maintaining consistency of forms of headings and the further process of showing relationships among headings – all for the purpose of collocation.


Definition:
A grouping of records of the authorized forms of names, titles, or subjects chosen for use in a catalog, including cross-references.


Definition:
Includes the established form of a name or word that is used as an access point in an index, as well as cross-references from other names or terms and the sources used to establish the heading.


Definition:
A means for recording all the decisions made in the process of authority work.


Definition:
The process of creating, arranging, and maintaining systems for bibliographic information retrieval.


Definition:
The process of describing items in the bibliographic universe and then providing name, title, and subject access to the descriptions, resulting in records that serve as surrogates for the actual items of recorded information.


Definition:
A database that focuses on documents; a database for bibliographic retrieval.


Definition:
A collection of bibliographic records held in the format of a database.


Definition:
Description of an information package; later terms used for descriptions of information packages are “surrogate record” and “metadata record.”


Definition:
A bibliographic data base that lists documents falling into its scope, regardless of the physical location of these documents; often a list of writings on a given subject or by a given author.


Definition:
A list of information packages; bibliographies bring together lists of sources based on subject matter, on authors, by time periods, and the like.


Definition:
The conjunctions AND, OR, and NOT; used to construct complex searches.  Also called Boolean logic and logical operators.


Definition:
The terms AND, OR, and NOT as used to construct search topics through postcoordinate indexing.


Definition:
Used in hierarchies to designate a broader concept than the current concept.


Definition:
A term one level up from the term being examined in a listing where subject concepts have been conceived in relationships that are hierarchical.


Definition:
A type of key with a combination of one or more fields whose value uniquely identifies a record.


Definition:
Retrieval tool that provides access to individual terms within collections of information packages (e.g., physical entities such as books, videos, and CDs in a library; artists’ works in an art museum; Web pages on the Internet; etc).


Definition:
A database with one main entity type in which the main entities are members of a collection; the catalog provides access to these entities from various data elements. An organized set of bibliographic records representing the holdings of a collection.


Definition:
The intellectual process of indexing; the process of describing an item in the collection, conducting subject analysis, and assigning a classification number.


Definition:
The act of creating surrogate records for information packages, choosing appropriate access points, and maintaining the system through which records are made available.  Such work done in non-profit agencies is usually called cataloging.


Definition:
A scheme for the systematic organization of knowledge, usually by subject.


Definition:
The placing of subjects into categories; in organization of information, classification is the process of determining where an information package fits into a given hierarchy and often then assigning the appropriate notation.


Definition:
A specification of a systematic organization of knowledge.


Definition:
Language, usually in the form of a thesaurus or subject heading list, that is carefully systemized for use in retrieval systems.


Definition:
A vocabulary in which one term is chosen from a group of synonyms to represent a concept.


Definition:
A list or database of subject terms in which all terms or phrases representing a concept are brought together.  Often a preferred term or phrase is designated for use in surrogate records in a retrieval tool.


Definition:
An alternate heading which directs the user to either the established form of a heading or to related headings.


Definition:
A system of one or more relations or files.  Common term for machine –readable formats; also used in a general sense independent from storage medium.


Definition:
A set of records that are all constructed in the same way and are often connected by relationship links; the structure underlying retrieval tools.


Definition:
The process that aims to identify and organize the required data logically and physically.  Also called knowledge representation.


Definition:
The use of automated data analysis techniques to uncover previously undetected relationships among entities.


Definition:
Data Base Management System; a computer program that can organize large collections of interrelated data according to a well-defined schema and produce reports by extracting and reformatting data.


Definition:
Shortened form of Dublin Core Metadata Element Set.  An internationally agreed-on set of elements that can be “filled in” by the creator of an electronic document in order to create a metadata record for the document.


Definition:
Classification devised by Melvil Dewey in 1876; it divides the world of knowledge hierarchically into 10 divisions, which are in turn divided into 10 sections, and so on.  DDC is enumerative but with many faceting capabilities in its later editions.


Definition:
Establishing a relationship between an entity and appropriate descriptors.


Definition:
The process of providing the descriptive data and access points (other than subject) for surrogate records that are part of a catalog.


Definition:
That which is used to identify and characterize an object or item.


Definition:
Data that describes an information package, such as its title, its associated names, its edition, its date of publication, its extent, and notes identifying pertinent features.


Definition:
An authorized identifier used for retrieval.


Definition:
Subject concept term, representing a single concept, usually found in thesauri and used in indexes.


Definition:
Data that points or directs the recipient to other sources of data.  Also called pointer data.


Definition:
A data base that focuses on persons, organizations, academic programs, etc.


Definition:
A measurement of the ability of a system to reject irrelevant documents; a measurement of success in a system.  Discrimination is computed by dividing the number of irrelevant rejected documents by all irrelevant documents.


Definition:
A frame for a document that contains slots for each part (such as a line or part of a line) of the document.


Definition:
A set of entity values associated with an entity type that defines the scope of the entity type in the data base at hand.


Definition:
A sphere of knowledge, influence or activity.


Definition:
In networking, a group of computers whose host names share a common name (i.e. the domain name).


Definition:
Decision Support System; a system that retrieves and processes information to suit the style of the manager for whom it was customized.


Definition:
An SGML or XML application; defines the structure of a particular type of document.


Definition:
An XML DTD created specifically to encode finding aids


Definition:
An object, observation, transaction, person, or other noun about which data is to be stored.


Definition:
A term used in the field of organization of information to indicate an item; both “entity” and “item” are used in order to avoid “book” or other such specific designation.


Definition:
A “thing” (resource, person, name, address, etc.).


Definition:
The number of concepts that will be considered in the process of providing subject analysis; two basic degrees of exhaustivity are depth indexing and summarization.


Definition:
An aspect or viewpoint from which entities can be analyzed.


Definition:
A list of facets serving as a framework for the analysis of compound concepts.


Definition:
A classification constructed from the combination, in prescribed sequence, of clearly defined, mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive aspects, properties, or characteristics of a class or specific subject.


Definition:
A subject concept arrangement that has small notations standing for subparts of the whole topic, which, when strung together, usually in prescribed sequence, create a complete classification notation for a multipart concept.


Definition:
A measurement of the ability of the system to reject irrelevant documents; a measurement of success in the system.  Fallout is computed by dividing the number of irrelevant retrieved documents by all irrelevant documents.


Definition:
A set of records or a set of actual entities; more complicated than a relation.


Definition:
To search using terms in titles, abstracts, or full text.  Also called natural language searching.


Definition:
A classification that attempts to arrange subjects according to a natural order- proceeding from classes to divisions to subdivisions.


Definition:
A subject concept arrangement system that follows the classical theory of categorization, creating categories from general to specific


Definition:
The preservation of attributes in entities within a hierarchy.


Definition:
Using hierarchy to store information in common to many specific cases once and for all under a superordinate case. When that information is needed for a specific case, the system looks under the superordinate case; specific cases “inherit” the information


Definition:
A series in which each element is graded or ranked.


Definition:
An arrangement by which categories are grouped in such a way that a concept (e.g., class or discipline) is subdivided into subconcepts of an equal level of specificity, each of those subconcepts are further subdivided into subcategories, and so on.


Definition:
A scheme for encoding text, pictures, and the like, so that they can be displayed using various programs because the coding is totally made up of ASCII text.


Definition:
A computer-based text retrieval system that enables a user to access particular locations in web pages or other electronic documents by clicking on links within specific web pages or documents; the basic idea behind World Wide Web pages.


Definition:
Document in which words, pictures, references, and the like, may be linked to other locations or documents so that clicking on one of the links takes a person to related information.


Definition:
An inclusive search looks for a concept and all its narrower concepts.


Definition:
Any file that facilitates access to the records or entities in a second or main file.


Definition:
A bibliographic tool that provided access to the analyzed contents of information packages (e.g., articles in a journal, short storied in a collection, etc.)  Back-of-the-book indexes provide access to the analyzed contents of one work.


Definition:
Integrating new entities and relationships into a database; the total process of integration.  Common term for subject indexing and back-of-the-book indexing.


Definition:
The process of creating surrogate records, especially the access points, for information packages; such work done in commercial enterprises is often called indexing.


Definition:
A rule-based means for choosing and structuring terms, either controlled or non-controlled, that can assist in providing access to an information package.


Definition:
An abstract that merely indicates what the document is about or is relevant for; pointer data.


Definition:
Gaining access to stored data for the purpose of becoming informed


Definition:
The attributes and relationship between similar objects


Definition:
An abstract containing pointer data as well as some of the substantive data given in the document or generalized information that can be derived from the document.


Definition:
A form that allows a system operator to give information to the information system


Term:
Information Storage and Retrieval System


Definition:
A standard that was designed to facilitate the international exchange of cataloging records by standardizing the elements to be used in the description, assigning an order to these elements, and specifying a system of symbols to be used in punctuation.


Definition:
A number that is accepted as an international standard for a unique number for a monographic item.


Definition:
A number that is accepted as an international standard for a unique number for a serial.


Definition:
A combination of one or more fields that are used for searching


Definition:
Indexing entries from significant words from a title or a text.


Definition:
A search for an item the searcher knows to exist, perhaps using an ISMN or other identifying number.


Definition:
Classification scheme that divides the world of knowledge hierarchically into categories using the letters of the alphabet and then using numerals for further subdivisions. LCC is basically an enumerative scheme, allowing only a limited amount of faceting


Definition:
A list of terms to be used as controlled vocabulary for subject headings created by the Library of Congress and used by any agency that wishes to provide controlled subject access to surrogate records.


Definition:
Any term or other symbol for which a relationship to a descriptor is established so that a user looking under the term is led to the descriptor.


Definition:
The selection of concepts for a subject heading list, thesaurus, or classification in response to the concepts represented in a specific set of documents.


Definition:
The concept that new notations are created for classification scheme and new terms are added to a controlled vocabulary only when information packages actually exist about new concepts.


Definition:
A standard prescribing codes that precede and identify specific elements of a catalog record, allowing the record to be “read” by machine and thus displayed in a fashion to make the record intelligible to users.


Definition:
A synonym for cataloging data or pointer data; used to describe other data for retrieval and assessment; used in particular with World Wide Web hypertext documents.


Definition:
An encoded description of a document; the purpose of metadata is to provide a level of data at which choices can be made as to which documents one wishes to view or search, without having to search massive amounts of irrelevant full text.


Definition:
A corporate body that oversees the creation and approval of standards to be used in information processing; an American counterpart to ISO.


Definition:
Computer analysis of written or spoken language in order to interpret meaning in a way that can allow the computer to “understand” and “respond.”


Definition:
Any database in which documents are not the main entity.


Definition:
A substantive data base containing numbers about entities and entity relationships


Definition:
used in hierarchies to designate a narrower concept than the current concept


Definition:
A term one level down from the term being considered in a listing where terms for subject concepts have been conceived in relationships that are hierarchical


Definition:
A form of subject analysis in which main concepts are identified by counting textual references to them.


Definition:
A bibliographic network, based in Dublin, Ohio, that is the largest and most comprehensive bibliographic network in the world.


Definition:
A part of the descriptive indexing not completed at the time of indexing; used for uncompleted works.


Definition:
The process of diagraming a sentence.  Commonly used to indicate that the process is completed by a computer program.


Definition:
A hierarchy in which a concept may have more than one broader concept.


Definition:
The grouping of a large number of entries under simple concepts in such a way that the user can combine them to locate material on compound subjects.


Definition:
The assigning of single concepts terms from a controlled vocabulary to surrogate records so that the searcher of the system is required to coordinate the terms through such techniques as Boolean Searching.


Definition:
A measurement of the combined effect of three factors on a system: 1) # of relevant documents; 2) recall of the system; and 3) discrimination of the system.  Precision is computed by dividing the # of relevant retrieved by all retrieved documents.


Definition:
A measure of the degree to which the search retrieved only what a perfect search would have retrieved.


Definition:
The combination of subject terms at the time of indexing for use in the retrieval of materials on complex concepts.


Definition:
The assigning of subject terms to surrogate records in such a way that some concepts are put together in subject strings and searcher of the system do not have to coordinate these particular terms themselves.


Definition:
An index based on the primary key by which the entities are arranged.  (


Definition:
A key whose value rarely or never changes, is also a candidate key, and can be used to uniquely reference the record.


Definition:
The topic of the search request, perhaps qualified by formal criteria; a statement of a need.


Definition:
A precise, formal definition of the request described informally in the query statement.


Definition:
A description of the need or request in ordinary language.


Definition:
A category for which there exists a prototype and any objects or examples that are not very close to the prototype are more distant because of the absence of one or more well-defined features.


Definition:
An infrastructure that enables the encoding, exchange, and processing of the metadata.


Definition:
A measurement of the ability of a system to retrieve relevant documents; a measurement of success in a system.  Recall is computed by dividing the number of relevant retrieved documents by the number of all relevant documents.


Definition:
A measure of the degree to which the search retrieval all that a perfect search would have retrieved


Definition:
An assembly of information about a given entity, such as an event, person, or a document.


Definition:
The record assembled by the system that contains information about an entity in a format easily understood by the user.


See Also:
A format that determines how different pieces of information are arranged in the record.


Definition:
A format that determines how different pieces of information are arranged in the record.


Definition:
The applicability of the data retrieved to the need of the searcher.


Definition:
An approach to indexing that starts from an anticipated problem, queries, and establishes relationships between entities with a view to these anticipated queries.


Term:
Anglo American Cataloging Rules, Second Edition


Definition:
A set of rules, published in 1978, for producing the descriptive and name-and-title access points part of a surrogate record for an information package.


Definition:
The act of summarizing, especially a text document


Term:
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd Edition, 1988 Revision.


Definition:
A revision of AACR2; rules are monitored by the Joint Steering Committee (JSC) for AACR, which is made up of representatives from Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States.


Definition:
used in hierarchies to designate a concept that is similar to the current concept.


Definition:
A term at the same level of specificity or bearing a non-hierarchical relationship to another term in a listing where terms for subject concepts have been conceived in relationships that are hierarchical.


Definition:
A document of piece of code that controls a set of terms in another document or piece of code; similar in function to a master checklist.


Definition:
A request for information or entities useful for solving a problem or relating a topic.


Definition:
An index used for quick access by additional sets or descriptors.


Definition:
The conceptual breakdown of compound concepts according to their meanings


Definition:
An international standard for document markup for machine readability.


Definition:
An identifier for a subject or a concept that can be used in retrieval.


Definition:
A search for items related to a specific topic


Definition:
An association between two or more entities in which each entity has a given role.


Definition:
Assigning subject descriptors to an entity, or to establish a relationship between an entity and appropriate subjects.


Definition:
The process of determining the aboutness of an information package and determining appropriate subject terminology to express the aboutness in an indexing language.


Definition:
Retrieval based on concepts or subjects.


Definition:
Data used in deriving a solution to a problem at hand.


Definition:
A data base that delivers custom packages of substantive data for most search requests.


Definition:
A term that designates the same concept or meaning as another term.


Definition:
A term with the same meaning as another term; often, in controlled vocabularies, used for a term that has nearly the same meaning as well as for a term that has the same meaning.


Definition:
A classification, usually in a restricted subject field, that is arranged to show presumed natural relationships


Definition:
a metadata scheme.  A comprehensive standard for describing texts in electronic form


Definition:
Both the corporate organization with that name and to the encoding standard created by that group.  The encoding standard was originally intended for the encoding of literary texts, although it has expanded to be used for other types of text.


Definition:
The management of terms in searching by restricting the user to a controlled vocabulary.


Definition:
A list of both the index language and lead-in vocabulary; a broader sense of the thesaurus can also be established for other types of entities.


Definition:
A list of authorized controlled vocabulary terms representing single concepts together with any references, scope notes, and subdivisions associated with each term, and organized so that the relationships between concepts are made explicit.


Definition:
Using the root word with a truncation symbol to find all instances of the root word and the root word with alternate endings.


Definition:
A data object containing two or more components.  Also called a pair or set.


Definition:
A data base that uses free-text searching, or allows searching by terms or groups of terms in titles, abstracts, or full text.


Definition:
an identification scheme for documents that may be used regardless of storage location of document.


Definition:
A way (such as the use of a name or number) used on the Web to identify things such as people, corporations, books, abstract concepts, or network-accessible things; not limited to things that have network locations.


Definition:
an identification scheme for physical volume or storage locatio


Definition:
A form of URI;  the address of a document on the Internet; it indicates what protocol to use (e.g., “http,” “telnet”) and then gives the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located: most often server address, directory path, and file name.


Definition:
A subset of SGML, designed specifically for Web documents, that omits some features of SGML and includes a few additional features; it allows designers to create their own customized tags, thus over-coming many of the limitations of HTML.


Definition:
The expression of knowledge through a symbol system.


Definition:
System that uses data/information that are linked directly to the objects or entities to be retrieved


Definition:
indicates what is in the original without repeating its substance


Definition:
repeats actual data and conclusions from the original.


Definition:
includes labeled sections and are often filled in by quasi-controlled vocabulary.


Definition:
often takes the form of generating an extract of those sentences which, because of their position in the document and because of the words used in them, have the best chance summarizing the document.


Definition:
uses a variety of text analytic techniques to uncover the meaning of the text (which is captured in some knowledge representation formalism) and then uses text generation techniques to produce sentences that capture the overall meaning of the text.


Definition:
A standard format for bibliographic description.  It defines three major aspects of bibliographic description: content, arrangement, and punctuation.


Definition:
Cataloging and classification done by an individual institution, including deciding on the method used (i.e. making up its own codes).


Definition:
an integrated format in which bibliographic data can be exchanged electronically.


Definition:
recognizes entity classes and relationships as basic components of a data model.  Uses information requirements to determine some appropriate logical structure for a database that can respond to underlying user needs.


Definition:
a fundamental thing of interest in the domain.  Examples of entities are persons, places, objects, concepts, and events.  Entities may be real or imaginary, concrete or abstract.


Definition:
a set or type of similar or identical entities.  Entity classes can enter into relationships.


Definition:
Relationship: an association between two or more participants, where each participant is an entity class.  Those involving two participants are called binary relationships; those involving more than two are called n-nary relationships.


Definition:
a visual outline of entities and relationships with their attributes.


Definition:
a class whose members can be uniquely identified by the values of their own (key) attributes.


Definition:
depends (in a technical sense) on its relationship to other entity classes for unique identifications, those other classes being its owners.


Definition:
a descriptive value/property associated with an entity or relationship class.


Definition:
strategy for locating descriptions in which the descriptions are presented in a meaningless order and the searcher sequentially scans description after description looking for materials of interest.


Definition:
Deciding under what element types access should be provided.


Definition:
Defining exactly how access points should be expressed.


Definition:
The number of access points to a record provided by an ISAR system.


Definition:
An artificial language in which there is typically a one-to-one correspondence between concepts and authorized access point.


Definition:
The level of detail in a record in an ISAR system


Definition:
Multiple catalogs each of which serves some subset of the full set of access points, in a system where several different types of access points are provided.


Definition:
A catalog physically ordered by a subject notation, so called because the order in the catalog is the order of classes in the classification scheme.


Definition:
A catalog in which catalog entries are physically organized by the subject headings assigned to them.


Definition:
A catalog using aspects of both classified and alphabetical catalogs by inverting the natural language headings to bring together related topics.


Definition:
Points users from one form of a name or term to another entry in an ISAR system under the preferred controlled vocabulary term.


Definition:
A file that indicates the choices made about names, form of name and entry element, which would include the established heading, sources used, tracings for see and see also references, and if needed, explanation.


Definition:
Related entries which convey the changing names of corporate bodies, providing access under multiple versions.


Definition:
Entry element used for a corporate body unless the name of the body implies subordination; it should be entered under the first word of the choice of form of name established.


Definition:
Bring together under one heading the various manifestations of a work, regardless of how many titles it has appeared under.


Definition:
Authority control as applied to entities other than named and titles.
Controlled vocabulary (defined again): A special language consisting of authorized descriptors.


Definition:
A special language consisting of authorized descriptors.


Definition:
The relationship between two components that are interchangeable in some context.


Definition:
Pertaining to the word stock or vocabulary of a language


Definition:
Two terms designate the same concept.  True synonyms can be used interchangably in sentences without changing the meaning


Definition:
Two terms designate opposite concepts, either at the end of a scale (light and dark) or exclusive categories (male and female)


Definition:
The relationship that defines hierarchy.  Terms are hyponyms if term A designates concept A', term B designates concept B', and B' is more specific than A'


Definition:
Two different words or phrases have the same spelling or the same pronunciation


Definition:
The same word has several meanings that can all be traced to a common core of meaning


Definition:
The cross-reference structure between terms in an index language


Definition:
The relationship between components of a composite structure.


Definition:
the subjects recognized are warranted/justified by their existence in literature being catalogued rather than having only a theoretical justification.


Definition:
The semantic relationship between a verb and its various [nominal] arguments.


Definition:
An index language in which elemental concepts are combined at the indexing stage.


Definition:
An index language in which elemental concepts are not combined until  the searching stage.


Definition:
A series of property types into which (theoretically) the universe of knowledge can be organized in successive stages of classes and subclasses.


Definition:
Each individual option in an ideally exhaustive list of ideally mutually exclusive properties  for a characteristic of division.


Definition:
The sum of all isolates formed by a characteristic of division.


Definition:
The order in which various characteristics of division are applied


Definition:
Classification scheme which tries to enumerate all the permissible combinations, one in which complex subjects are pre-coordinated.


Definition:
Classification scheme which tries to isolate the foci of the various facets and them gives general rules for how they can be put together, one in which complex systems are formed through post-coordination.


Definition:
The breaking down of subjects into their component parts


Definition:
The philosophy of classification that has dominated Western culture, using classes, entities, properties, and relationships.  Also called Aristotelian classification and classical classification


Definition:
A theory that looks at the fact that certain properties are not dichotomous


Definition:
A theory which holds that some subclasses are considered better examples of a class than others


Definition:
Theory based on the notion that the members of some classes bear only family resemblance to one another, which means that there is no single set of necessary and sufficient properties that defines the whole class.


Definition:
Level usually in the middle of most hierarchies which is what we call things, the level that children first learn, often the level with the shortest name, etc.


Definition:
The content of knowledge and information sources, seen as works


Definition:
intellectual units or units of creation as opposed to books


Definition:
The process of identifying the major subject(s) of a work and corresponding in part to the process of making choice of entry decisions for subject matter.


Definition:
Approach to subject representation in which significant characteristics of the subject analysis may differ by user group, by specific goals, etc., and may vary over time.


Definition:
Approach to subject representation in which it is assumed that subjecthood is inherent in documents.


Definition:
notation in which hierarchical relationships between subjects are generally reflected in the notation


Definition:
The class number followed by the book number.


Definition:
In a system in which the classification scheme is supplemented by a supplemental scheme on subarranging the books within the class, this refers to the number assigned by the classification system.


Definition:
In a system in which the classification scheme is supplemented by a supplemental scheme on subarranging the books within the class, this refers to the number assigned by the supplemental system


Definition:
the most prevalent type of book numbers, assigned from tables which assume that it is desirable to subarrange items within a class by the surname of the author.


Definition:
The study and systematic classifications of the sounds made in spoken utterance.


Definition:
Study of the description of systems and patterns of sounds occurring in a language.


Definition:
The study and description of word formation/word-forming elements and processes.


Definition:
The study of the way in which linguistic elements (esp. words) are put together to form constituents (esp. phrases or clauses)


Definition:
The study of meanings, both of individual lexical units and of larger constituent structures.


Definition:
The study of the relation between linguistic expressions and their use(r)s, or in other words, between sentences and the environments in which they occur.


Definition:
The study of cohesion and structure in larger text.


Definition:
The structure specific and internal to an individual text, mirco-level.


Definition:
Structures that define certain text genres or text types.


Definition:
A genre of text, sharing characteristics, e.g., descriptive, narrative, etc.


Definition:
Those words that occur most frequently across the entire document collection and are relatively evenly distributed, e.g. the, of, and, to, a, in, that, is, was, for, it, he, as, with, be, on, his, at, by . . .


Definition:
Refers especially to how the contents of a knowledge base are expressed with an eye to how this will support the intelligent manipulation of the knowledge.


Definition:
inferences go from the general to the specific


Definition:
inferences go from the specific to the general


Definition:
Any group of objects, particularly a group identified through relationships or links with one or more other objects or neighborhoods, together with the relationships that link them


Definition:
A data structure for organizing stereotypical events or situations


Definition:
A generic, content-dependent orgainzational structure, which provides a general outline for examining a discipline's structure


Definition:
A category of information within a frame, which holds the information about the subject area.


Definition:
The mechanism for storing knowledge in many expert systems and other artificial intelligence systems


Definition:
An individual piece of information about the subject of a frame


Definition:
A relationship that relates two entities, it cam be used as a link (as on the Web) to navigate from one entity to another, fram a person to a document authored by that person, etc.


Definition:
Based on intrinsic, permanent characteristics rather than temporary roles an actual entity plays in a context


Definition:
A string or number that defines an entity value


Definition:
In subject retrieval, a concept (or the word or phrase designating that concept) included in the controlled vocabulary of a system and therefore available for search in that system.


Definition:
A specil kind of controlled subject descriptor, often created by the editor of a subject heading list, such as LCSH, and designed for card catalogs or printed catalogs.


Definition:
A term chosen to designate a concept from among several synanyms in a controlled vocabulary system.


Definition:
A concept that cannot be broken up futher into components that jointly define the meaning of the concept


Definition:
Any presentation of information, as written or spoken text, still or moving image, or music or sound, in any medium, print, computer screen, TV, radio, etc.


Definition:
A database that contains identifying/descriptive data about objects (documents), data sets, or merchandise.


Definition:
A catalog that refers to objects in multiple collections


Definition:
An element, such as author name, title, series title, or subject descriptor under which a document can be found in a catalog or index


# \q\670\Glossary

Term:
Anglo American Cataloging Rules, Second Edition


Definition:
A set of rules, published in 1978, for producing the descriptive and name-and-title access points part of a surrogate record for an information package.


Term:
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd Edition, 1988 Revision.


Definition:
A revision of AACR2; rules are monitored by the Joint Steering Committee (JSC) for AACR, which is made up of representatives from Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States.


Term:
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, 2nd Edition, 2002 Revision


Definition:
A revision of AACR2 that incorporates rewritten chapters for the description of cartographic materials, electronic resources, and continuing resources.


Definition:
A statement summarizing the important points of a text.


Definition:
The act of summarizing, especially a text document


Definition:
Any term or portion in a record that may be used to locate that record


Definition:
Any word or phrase used to obtain information from a retrieval tool or other organized system; in cataloging and indexing, “access points” are specific names, titles, and subjects chosen by the cataloger or indexer.


Definition:
An entry additional to the main entry by which an item is represented in an index


Definition:
Any access point in the metadata other then the primary access point


Definition:
A body that takes responsibility for estqablishing voluntary industry standards; works closely with NISO


Definition:
The consistent use and maintenance of established forms for headings, names, subjects, etc.


Definition:
The results of the process of maintaining consistency of forms of headings and the further process of showing relationships among headings – all for the purpose of collocation.


Definition:
A grouping of records of the authorized forms of names, titles, or subjects chosen for use in a catalog, including cross-references.


Definition:
Includes the established form of a name or word that is used as an access point in an index, as well as cross-references from other names or terms and the sources used to establish the heading.


Definition:
A means for recording all the decisions made in the process of authority work.


Definition:
The process of creating, arranging, and maintaining systems for bibliographic information retrieval.


Definition:
The process of describing items in the bibliographic universe and then providing name, title, and subject access to the descriptions, resulting in records that serve as surrogates for the actual items of recorded information.


Definition:
A database that focuses on documents; a database for bibliographic retrieval.


Definition:
A collection of bibliographic records held in the format of a database.


Definition:
Description of an information package; later terms used for descriptions of information packages are “surrogate record” and “metadata record.”


Definition:
A bibliographic data base that lists documents falling into its scope, regardless of the physical location of these documents; often a list of writings on a given subject or by a given author.


Definition:
A list of information packages; bibliographies bring together lists of sources based on subject matter, on authors, by time periods, and the like.


Definition:
The conjunctions AND, OR, and NOT; used to construct complex searches.  Also called Boolean logic and logical operators.


Definition:
The terms AND, OR, and NOT as used to construct search topics through postcoordinate indexing.


Definition:
Used in hierarchies to designate a broader concept than the current concept.


Definition:
A term one level up from the term being examined in a listing where subject concepts have been conceived in relationships that are hierarchical.


Definition:
A type of key with a combination of one or more fields whose value uniquely identifies a record.


Definition:
Retrieval tool that provides access to individual terms within collections of information packages (e.g., physical entities such as books, videos, and CDs in a library; artists’ works in an art museum; Web pages on the Internet; etc).


Definition:
A database with one main entity type in which the main entities are members of a collection; the catalog provides access to these entities from various data elements. An organized set of bibliographic records representing the holdings of a collection.


Definition:
The intellectual process of indexing; the process of describing an item in the collection, conducting subject analysis, and assigning a classification number.


Definition:
The act of creating surrogate records for information packages, choosing appropriate access points, and maintaining the system through which records are made available.  Such work done in non-profit agencies is usually called cataloging.


Definition:
A scheme for the systematic organization of knowledge, usually by subject.


Definition:
The placing of subjects into categories; in organization of information, classification is the process of determining where an information package fits into a given hierarchy and often then assigning the appropriate notation.


Definition:
A specification of a systematic organization of knowledge.


Definition:
Language, usually in the form of a thesaurus or subject heading list, that is carefully systemized for use in retrieval systems.


Definition:
A vocabulary in which one term is chosen from a group of synonyms to represent a concept.


Definition:
A list or database of subject terms in which all terms or phrases representing a concept are brought together.  Often a preferred term or phrase is designated for use in surrogate records in a retrieval tool.


Definition:
An alternate heading which directs the user to either the established form of a heading or to related headings.


Definition:
A system of one or more relations or files.  Common term for machine –readable formats; also used in a general sense independent from storage medium.


Definition:
A set of records that are all constructed in the same way and are often connected by relationship links; the structure underlying retrieval tools.


Definition:
The process that aims to identify and organize the required data logically and physically.  Also called knowledge representation.


Definition:
The use of automated data analysis techniques to uncover previously undetected relationships among entities.


Definition:
Data Base Management System; a computer program that can organize large collections of interrelated data according to a well-defined schema and produce reports by extracting and reformatting data.


Definition:
Shortened form of Dublin Core Metadata Element Set.  An internationally agreed-on set of elements that can be “filled in” by the creator of an electronic document in order to create a metadata record for the document.


Definition:
Classification devised by Melvil Dewey in 1876; it divides the world of knowledge hierarchically into 10 divisions, which are in turn divided into 10 sections, and so on.  DDC is enumerative but with many faceting capabilities in its later editions.


Definition:
Establishing a relationship between an entity and appropriate descriptors.


Definition:
The process of providing the descriptive data and access points (other than subject) for surrogate records that are part of a catalog.


Definition:
That which is used to identify and characterize an object or item.


Definition:
Data that describes an information package, such as its title, its associated names, its edition, its date of publication, its extent, and notes identifying pertinent features.


Definition:
An authorized identifier used for retrieval.


Definition:
Subject concept term, representing a single concept, usually found in thesauri and used in indexes.


Definition:
Data that points or directs the recipient to other sources of data.  Also called pointer data.


Definition:
A data base that focuses on persons, organizations, academic programs, etc.


Definition:
A measurement of the ability of a system to reject irrelevant documents; a measurement of success in a system.  Discrimination is computed by dividing the number of irrelevant rejected documents by all irrelevant documents.


Definition:
A frame for a document that contains slots for each part (such as a line or part of a line) of the document.


Definition:
A set of entity values associated with an entity type that defines the scope of the entity type in the data base at hand.


Definition:
A sphere of knowledge, influence or activity.


Definition:
In networking, a group of computers whose host names share a common name (i.e. the domain name).


Definition:
Decision Support System; a system that retrieves and processes information to suit the style of the manager for whom it was customized.


Definition:
An SGML or XML application; defines the structure of a particular type of document.


Definition:
A database that contains identifying/descriptive data about objects (documents), data sets, or merchandise.


Definition:
An XML DTD created specifically to encode finding aids


Definition:
An object, observation, transaction, person, or other noun about which data is to be stored.


Definition:
A term used in the field of organization of information to indicate an item; both “entity” and “item” are used in order to avoid “book” or other such specific designation.


Definition:
A “thing” (resource, person, name, address, etc.).


Definition:
The number of concepts that will be considered in the process of providing subject analysis; two basic degrees of exhaustivity are depth indexing and summarization.


Definition:
An aspect or viewpoint from which entities can be analyzed.


Definition:
A list of facets serving as a framework for the analysis of compound concepts.


Definition:
A classification constructed from the combination, in prescribed sequence, of clearly defined, mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive aspects, properties, or characteristics of a class or specific subject.


Definition:
A subject concept arrangement that has small notations standing for subparts of the whole topic, which, when strung together, usually in prescribed sequence, create a complete classification notation for a multipart concept.


Definition:
A measurement of the ability of the system to reject irrelevant documents; a measurement of success in the system.  Fallout is computed by dividing the number of irrelevant retrieved documents by all irrelevant documents.


Definition:
A set of records or a set of actual entities; more complicated than a relation.


Definition:
To search using terms in titles, abstracts, or full text.  Also called natural language searching.


Definition:
A classification that attempts to arrange subjects according to a natural order- proceeding from classes to divisions to subdivisions.


Definition:
A subject concept arrangement system that follows the classical theory of categorization, creating categories from general to specific


Definition:
The preservation of attributes in entities within a hierarchy.


Definition:
Using hierarchy to store information in common to many specific cases once and for all under a superordinate case. When that information is needed for a specific case, the system looks under the superordinate case; specific cases “inherit” the information


Definition:
A series in which each element is graded or ranked.


Definition:
An arrangement by which categories are grouped in such a way that a concept (e.g., class or discipline) is subdivided into subconcepts of an equal level of specificity, each of those subconcepts are further subdivided into subcategories, and so on.


Definition:
A scheme for encoding text, pictures, and the like, so that they can be displayed using various programs because the coding is totally made up of ASCII text.


Definition:
A computer-based text retrieval system that enables a user to access particular locations in web pages or other electronic documents by clicking on links within specific web pages or documents; the basic idea behind World Wide Web pages.


Definition:
Document in which words, pictures, references, and the like, may be linked to other locations or documents so that clicking on one of the links takes a person to related information.


Definition:
An inclusive search looks for a concept and all its narrower concepts.


Definition:
Any file that facilitates access to the records or entities in a second or main file.


Definition:
A bibliographic tool that provided access to the analyzed contents of information packages (e.g., articles in a journal, short storied in a collection, etc.)  Back-of-the-book indexes provide access to the analyzed contents of one work.


Definition:
Cataloging and classification done by an individual institution, including deciding on the method used (i.e. making up its own codes).


Definition:
Integrating new entities and relationships into a database; the total process of integration.  Common term for subject indexing and back-of-the-book indexing.


Definition:
The process of creating surrogate records, especially the access points, for information packages; such work done in commercial enterprises is often called indexing.


Definition:
A rule-based means for choosing and structuring terms, either controlled or non-controlled, that can assist in providing access to an information package.


Definition:
An abstract that merely indicates what the document is about or is relevant for; pointer data.


Definition:
Gaining access to stored data for the purpose of becoming informed


Definition:
The attributes and relationship between similar objects


Definition:
An abstract containing pointer data as well as some of the substantive data given in the document or generalized information that can be derived from the document.


Definition:
A form that allows a system operator to give information to the information system


Term:
Information Storage and Retrieval System


Definition:
A standard that was designed to facilitate the international exchange of cataloging records by standardizing the elements to be used in the description, assigning an order to these elements, and specifying a system of symbols to be used in punctuation.


Definition:
A number that is accepted as an international standard for a unique number for a monographic item.


Definition:
A number that is accepted as an international standard for a unique number for a serial.


Definition:
A combination of one or more fields that are used for searching


Definition:
Indexing entries from significant words from a title or a text.


Definition:
A search for an item the searcher knows to exist, perhaps using an ISMN or other identifying number.


Definition:
Classification scheme that divides the world of knowledge hierarchically into categories using the letters of the alphabet and then using numerals for further subdivisions. LCC is basically an enumerative scheme, allowing only a limited amount of faceting


Definition:
A list of terms to be used as controlled vocabulary for subject headings created by the Library of Congress and used by any agency that wishes to provide controlled subject access to surrogate records.


Definition:
Any term or other symbol for which a relationship to a descriptor is established so that a user looking under the term is led to the descriptor.


Definition:
The selection of concepts for a subject heading list, thesaurus, or classification in response to the concepts represented in a specific set of documents.


Definition:
The concept that new notations are created for classification scheme and new terms are added to a controlled vocabulary only when information packages actually exist about new concepts.


Definition:
A standard prescribing codes that precede and identify specific elements of a catalog record, allowing the record to be “read” by machine and thus displayed in a fashion to make the record intelligible to users.


Definition:
A synonym for cataloging data or pointer data; used to describe other data for retrieval and assessment; used in particular with World Wide Web hypertext documents.


Definition:
An encoded description of a document; the purpose of metadata is to provide a level of data at which choices can be made as to which documents one wishes to view or search, without having to search massive amounts of irrelevant full text.


Definition:
A corporate body that oversees the creation and approval of standards to be used in information processing; an American counterpart to ISO.


Definition:
Computer analysis of written or spoken language in order to interpret meaning in a way that can allow the computer to “understand” and “respond.”


Definition:
Any database in which documents are not the main entity.


Definition:
A substantive data base containing numbers about entities and entity relationships


Definition:
used in hierarchies to designate a narrower concept than the current concept


Definition:
A term one level down from the term being considered in a listing where terms for subject concepts have been conceived in relationships that are hierarchical


Definition:
A form of subject analysis in which main concepts are identified by counting textual references to them.


Definition:
A bibliographic network, based in Dublin, Ohio, that is the largest and most comprehensive bibliographic network in the world.


Definition:
A part of the descriptive indexing not completed at the time of indexing; used for uncompleted works.


Definition:
The process of diagraming a sentence.  Commonly used to indicate that the process is completed by a computer program.


Definition:
A hierarchy in which a concept may have more than one broader concept.


Definition:
The grouping of a large number of entries under simple concepts in such a way that the user can combine them to locate material on compound subjects.


Definition:
The assigning of single concepts terms from a controlled vocabulary to surrogate records so that the searcher of the system is required to coordinate the terms through such techniques as Boolean Searching.


Definition:
A measurement of the combined effect of three factors on a system: 1) # of relevant documents; 2) recall of the system; and 3) discrimination of the system.  Precision is computed by dividing the # of relevant retrieved by all retrieved documents.


Definition:
A measure of the degree to which the search retrieved only what a perfect search would have retrieved.


Definition:
The combination of subject terms at the time of indexing for use in the retrieval of materials on complex concepts.


Definition:
The assigning of subject terms to surrogate records in such a way that some concepts are put together in subject strings and searcher of the system do not have to coordinate these particular terms themselves.


Definition:
An index based on the primary key by which the entities are arranged.  (


Definition:
A key whose value rarely or never changes, is also a candidate key, and can be used to uniquely reference the record.


Definition:
The topic of the search request, perhaps qualified by formal criteria; a statement of a need.


Definition:
A precise, formal definition of the request described informally in the query statement.


Definition:
A description of the need or request in ordinary language.


Definition:
A category for which there exists a prototype and any objects or examples that are not very close to the prototype are more distant because of the absence of one or more well-defined features.


Definition:
An infrastructure that enables the encoding, exchange, and processing of the metadata.


Definition:
A measurement of the ability of a system to retrieve relevant documents; a measurement of success in a system.  Recall is computed by dividing the number of relevant retrieved documents by the number of all relevant documents.


Definition:
A measure of the degree to which the search retrieval all that a perfect search would have retrieved


Definition:
An assembly of information about a given entity, such as an event, person, or a document.


Definition:
The record assembled by the system that contains information about an entity in a format easily understood by the user.


See Also:
A format that determines how different pieces of information are arranged in the record.


Definition:
A format that determines how different pieces of information are arranged in the record.


Definition:
The applicability of the data retrieved to the need of the searcher.


Definition:
An approach to indexing that starts from an anticipated problem, queries, and establishes relationships between entities with a view to these anticipated queries.


Definition:
used in hierarchies to designate a concept that is similar to the current concept.


Definition:
A term at the same level of specificity or bearing a non-hierarchical relationship to another term in a listing where terms for subject concepts have been conceived in relationships that are hierarchical.


Definition:
A document of piece of code that controls a set of terms in another document or piece of code; similar in function to a master checklist.


Definition:
A request for information or entities useful for solving a problem or relating a topic.


Definition:
An index used for quick access by additional sets or descriptors.


Definition:
The conceptual breakdown of compound concepts according to their meanings


Definition:
An international standard for document markup for machine readability.


Definition:
An identifier for a subject or a concept that can be used in retrieval.


Definition:
A search for items related to a specific topic


Definition:
An association between two or more entities in which each entity has a given role.


Definition:
Assigning subject descriptors to an entity, or to establish a relationship between an entity and appropriate subjects.


Definition:
The process of determining the aboutness of an information package and determining appropriate subject terminology to express the aboutness in an indexing language.


Definition:
Retrieval based on concepts or subjects.


Definition:
Data used in deriving a solution to a problem at hand.


Definition:
A data base that delivers custom packages of substantive data for most search requests.


Definition:
A term that designates the same concept or meaning as another term.


Definition:
A term with the same meaning as another term; often, in controlled vocabularies, used for a term that has nearly the same meaning as well as for a term that has the same meaning.


Definition:
A classification, usually in a restricted subject field, that is arranged to show presumed natural relationships


Definition:
a metadata scheme.  A comprehensive standard for describing texts in electronic form


Definition:
Both the corporate organization with that name and to the encoding standard created by that group.  The encoding standard was originally intended for the encoding of literary texts, although it has expanded to be used for other types of text.


Definition:
The management of terms in searching by restricting the user to a controlled vocabulary.


Definition:
A list of both the index language and lead-in vocabulary; a broader sense of the thesaurus can also be established for other types of entities.


Definition:
A list of authorized controlled vocabulary terms representing single concepts together with any references, scope notes, and subdivisions associated with each term, and organized so that the relationships between concepts are made explicit.


Definition:
Using the root word with a truncation symbol to find all instances of the root word and the root word with alternate endings.


Definition:
A data object containing two or more components.  Also called a pair or set.


Definition:
A data base that uses free-text searching, or allows searching by terms or groups of terms in titles, abstracts, or full text.


Definition:
an identification scheme for documents that may be used regardless of storage location of document.


Definition:
A way (such as the use of a name or number) used on the Web to identify things such as people, corporations, books, abstract concepts, or network-accessible things; not limited to things that have network locations.


Definition:
an identification scheme for physical volume or storage locatio


Definition:
A form of URI;  the address of a document on the Internet; it indicates what protocol to use (e.g., “http,” “telnet”) and then gives the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located: most often server address, directory path, and file name.


Definition:
A subset of SGML, designed specifically for Web documents, that omits some features of SGML and includes a few additional features; it allows designers to create their own customized tags, thus over-coming many of the limitations of HTML.


Definition:
The expression of knowledge through a symbol system.


Definition:
System that uses data/information that are linked directly to the objects or entities to be retrieved


Definition:
indicates what is in the original without repeating its substance


Definition:
repeats actual data and conclusions from the original.


Definition:
includes labeled sections and are often filled in by quasi-controlled vocabulary.


Definition:
often takes the form of generating an extract of those sentences which, because of their position in the document and because of the words used in them, have the best chance summarizing the document.


Definition:
uses a variety of text analytic techniques to uncover the meaning of the text (which is captured in some knowledge representation formalism) and then uses text generation techniques to produce sentences that capture the overall meaning of the text.


Definition:
A standard format for bibliographic description.  It defines three major aspects of bibliographic description: content, arrangement, and punctuation.


Definition:
an integrated format in which bibliographic data can be exchanged electronically.


Definition:
recognizes entity classes and relationships as basic components of a data model.  Uses information requirements to determine some appropriate logical structure for a database that can respond to underlying user needs.


Definition:
a fundamental thing of interest in the domain.  Examples of entities are persons, places, objects, concepts, and events.  Entities may be real or imaginary, concrete or abstract.


Definition:
a set or type of similar or identical entities.  Entity classes can enter into relationships.


Definition:
Relationship: an association between two or more participants, where each participant is an entity class.  Those involving two participants are called binary relationships; those involving more than two are called n-nary relationships.


Definition:
a visual outline of entities and relationships with their attributes.


Definition:
a class whose members can be uniquely identified by the values of their own (key) attributes.


Definition:
depends (in a technical sense) on its relationship to other entity classes for unique identifications, those other classes being its owners.


Definition:
a descriptive value/property associated with an entity or relationship class.


Definition:
strategy for locating descriptions in which the descriptions are presented in a meaningless order and the searcher sequentially scans description after description looking for materials of interest.


Definition:
Deciding under what element types access should be provided.


Definition:
Defining exactly how access points should be expressed.


Definition:
The number of access points to a record provided by an ISAR system.


Definition:
An artificial language in which there is typically a one-to-one correspondence between concepts and authorized access point.


Definition:
The level of detail in a record in an ISAR system


Definition:
Multiple catalogs each of which serves some subset of the full set of access points, in a system where several different types of access points are provided.


Definition:
A catalog physically ordered by a subject notation, so called because the order in the catalog is the order of classes in the classification scheme.


Definition:
A catalog in which catalog entries are physically organized by the subject headings assigned to them.


Definition:
A catalog using aspects of both classified and alphabetical catalogs by inverting the natural language headings to bring together related topics.


Definition:
Points users from one form of a name or term to another entry in an ISAR system under the preferred controlled vocabulary term.


Definition:
A file that indicates the choices made about names, form of name and entry element, which would include the established heading, sources used, tracings for see and see also references, and if needed, explanation.


Definition:
Related entries which convey the changing names of corporate bodies, providing access under multiple versions.


Definition:
Entry element used for a corporate body unless the name of the body implies subordination; it should be entered under the first word of the choice of form of name established.


Definition:
Bring together under one heading the various manifestations of a work, regardless of how many titles it has appeared under.


Definition:
Authority control as applied to entities other than named and titles.
Controlled vocabulary (defined again): A special language consisting of authorized descriptors.


Definition:
A special language consisting of authorized descriptors.


Definition:
The relationship between two components that are interchangeable in some context.


Definition:
Pertaining to the word stock or vocabulary of a language


Definition:
The cross-reference structure between terms in an index language


Definition:
The relationship between components of a composite structure.


Definition:
the subjects recognized are warranted/justified by their existence in literature being catalogued rather than having only a theoretical justification.


Definition:
The semantic relationship between a verb and its various [nominal] arguments.


Definition:
An index language in which elemental concepts are combined at the indexing stage.


Definition:
An index language in which elemental concepts are not combined until  the searching stage.


Definition:
A series of property types into which (theoretically) the universe of knowledge can be organized in successive stages of classes and subclasses.


Definition:
Each individual option in an ideally exhaustive list of ideally mutually exclusive properties  for a characteristic of division.


Definition:
The sum of all isolates formed by a characteristic of division.


Definition:
The order in which various characteristics of division are applied


Definition:
Classification scheme which tries to enumerate all the permissible combinations, one in which complex subjects are pre-coordinated.


Definition:
Classification scheme which tries to isolate the foci of the various facets and them gives general rules for how they can be put together, one in which complex systems are formed through post-coordination.


Definition:
The breaking down of subjects into their component parts


Definition:
The philosophy of classification that has dominated Western culture, using classes, entities, properties, and relationships.  Also called Aristotelian classification and classical classification


Definition:
A theory that looks at the fact that certain properties are not dichotomous


Definition:
A theory which holds that some subclasses are considered better examples of a class than others


Definition:
Theory based on the notion that the members of some classes bear only family resemblance to one another, which means that there is no single set of necessary and sufficient properties that defines the whole class.


Definition:
Level usually in the middle of most hierarchies which is what we call things, the level that children first learn, often the level with the shortest name, etc.


Definition:
The content of knowledge and information sources, seen as works


Definition:
intellectual units or units of creation as opposed to books


Definition:
The process of identifying the major subject(s) of a work and corresponding in part to the process of making choice of entry decisions for subject matter.


Definition:
Approach to subject representation in which significant characteristics of the subject analysis may differ by user group, by specific goals, etc., and may vary over time.


Definition:
Approach to subject representation in which it is assumed that subjecthood is inherent in documents.


Definition:
notation in which hierarchical relationships between subjects are generally reflected in the notation


Definition:
The class number followed by the book number.


Definition:
In a system in which the classification scheme is supplemented by a supplemental scheme on subarranging the books within the class, this refers to the number assigned by the classification system.


Definition:
In a system in which the classification scheme is supplemented by a supplemental scheme on subarranging the books within the class, this refers to the number assigned by the supplemental system


Definition:
the most prevalent type of book numbers, assigned from tables which assume that it is desirable to subarrange items within a class by the surname of the author.


Definition:
The study and systematic classifications of the sounds made in spoken utterance.


Definition:
Study of the description of systems and patterns of sounds occurring in a language.


Definition:
The study and description of word formation/word-forming elements and processes.


Definition:
The study of the way in which linguistic elements (esp. words) are put together to form constituents (esp. phrases or clauses)


Definition:
The study of meanings, both of individual lexical units and of larger constituent structures.


Definition:
The study of the relation between linguistic expressions and their use(r)s, or in other words, between sentences and the environments in which they occur.


Definition:
The study of cohesion and structure in larger text.


Definition:
The structure specific and internal to an individual text, mirco-level.


Definition:
Structures that define certain text genres or text types.


Definition:
A genre of text, sharing characteristics, e.g., descriptive, narrative, etc.


Definition:
Those words that occur most frequently across the entire document collection and are relatively evenly distributed, e.g. the, of, and, to, a, in, that, is, was, for, it, he, as, with, be, on, his, at, by . . .


Definition:
Refers especially to how the contents of a knowledge base are expressed with an eye to how this will support the intelligent manipulation of the knowledge.


Definition:
inferences go from the general to the specific


Definition:
inferences go from the specific to the general


Definition:
Any group of objects, particularly a group identified through relationships or links with one or more other objects or neighborhoods, together with the relationships that link them


Definition:
A data structure for organizing stereotypical events or situations


Definition:
A generic, content-dependent orgainzational structure, which provides a general outline for examining a discipline's structure


Definition:
A category of information within a frame, which holds the information about the subject area.


Definition:
The mechanism for storing knowledge in many expert systems and other artificial intelligence systems


Definition:
An individual piece of information about the subject of a frame


Definition:
A relationship that relates two entities, it cam be used as a link (as on the Web) to navigate from one entity to another, fram a person to a document authored by that person, etc.


Definition:
Based on intrinsic, permanent characteristics rather than temporary roles an actual entity plays in a context


Definition:
A string or number that defines an entity value


Definition:
In subject retrieval, a concept (or the word or phrase designating that concept) included in the controlled vocabulary of a system and therefore available for search in that system.


Definition:
A specil kind of controlled subject descriptor, often created by the editor of a subject heading list, such as LCSH, and designed for card catalogs or printed catalogs.


Definition:
A term chosen to designate a concept from among several synanyms in a controlled vocabulary system.


Definition:
A concept that cannot be broken up futher into components that jointly define the meaning of the concept


Definition:
Any presentation of information, as written or spoken text, still or moving image, or music or sound, in any medium, print, computer screen, TV, radio, etc.


Definition:
A catalog that refers to objects in multiple collections


Definition:
An element, such as author name, title, series title, or subject descriptor under which a document can be found in a catalog or index


Definition:
Two terms designate the same concept.  True synonyms can be used interchangably in sentences without changing the meaning


Definition:
Two terms designate opposite concepts, either at the end of a scale (light and dark) or exclusive categories (male and female)


Definition:
The relationship that defines hierarchy.  Terms are hyponyms if term A designates concept A', term B designates concept B', and B' is more specific than A'


Definition:
Two different words or phrases have the same spelling or the same pronunciation


Definition:
The same word has several meanings that can all be traced to a common core of meaning


